A final farewell to two Normandy invaders

Two more of the war veterans I’ve interviewed in the past dozen years died last week – Ralph Mann of Coopersburg and Jerome Neff of Allentown.

Ralph, who was 90, died May 14. Jerome was 88 and died the next day.

Both were in on the Normandy invasion. Ralph, a paratrooper with the 82nd Airborne Division, made the drop the night before the assault on the beaches. On the ground, he joined up with a few other guys.

“We walked through a field and the damn cows followed us. Every time we moved, they moved. We were afraid they’d give us away, so we crawled into a ditch along a hedgerow and waited until it started to get light.”

Jerome Neff, serving in a gasoline supply company supporting the 29^th Infantry Division, came ashore at Omaha Beach on D-Day plus one and helped dig graves.

“I never even talked about this to my family or anybody, but there were guys without limbs, with guts hanging out, guys with clothing blown off from a concussion, all kinds of very terrible sights.”

Jerome’s story ran in The Morning Call on Memorial Day 2011. Ralph’s ran a week later, on the D-Day anniversary. You can read them at www.mcall.com/warstories.

Of the veterans I’ve interviewed, about two-thirds are gone. I know this is something I have to expect, but that doesn’t make it easy.

‘Before their voices are silent’

Pilot Samuel F. Shireman (center, standing) and his crew after they were rescued. Standing with Sam are co-pilot Joseph D. Powelson (left) of Evansville, Ind., and navigator Sidney Stein of Brooklyn, N.Y. Crouching are gunner Charles Szkiany (left) of Albion, N.Y., and radio operator Ralph L. Holman of Flora, La.

Another of my war story subjects died April 28 – Army Air Forces veteran Sam Shireman, who was 94 and had been living in Fellowship Manor, Whitehall.

I attended a calling time last week at the manor and met some of his family members and friends. My story on him, which ran in The Morning Call on Sept. 9, 2010, the 67^th anniversary of the mission on which his B-25 Mitchell bomber was shot down, was displayed on an easel, along with photos that included one of Sam and me standing together as he held the plastic model of a B-25 I had built years ago. It was my gift to him.

Afterward at home, I went through my file on Sam. It includes that photo, as well as a copy of the Sept. 30, 1943, telegram to his wife, Alice, in Bethlehem reporting that “Capt. Samuel F. Shireman has been reported missing in action since nine September,” a copy of his wartime diary and other papers and emails.

Sam was on his 39^th mission as a B-25 pilot, assigned to knock out German military installations in the Naples area. His plane would never return to the base on Sicily. After dropping its bombs that night, it veered away from Italy’s coast and got hit by anti-aircraft fire. Then a German fighter pounced on its tail, and Sam dived and turned to evade it. “Our plane was on fire,” he told me. “We had to bail out.”

Sam’s descent by parachute landed him in the warm Tyrrhenian Sea. He swam in the darkness to the island of Ischia, where he was reunited with his co-pilot, Joseph D. Powelson of Evansville, Ind.; navigator, Sidney Stein of Brooklyn, N.Y.; gunner, Charles Szklany of Albion, N.Y.; and radio operator, Ralph L. Holman of Flora, La. The Navy rescued them and took them to the nearby resort of Capri.

One of the papers in my file is a map Sam drew for me showing where his plane was hit, where he smacked into the sea and his path to Ischia and Capri.

Another item is an eloquent email I got from an acquaintance of Sam after the story ran. It sums up the importance of recording veterans’ stories for posterity. Here it is:

“Thank you for telling Sam Shireman’s story. I know Sam, but never knew about his service to America.

“Since he’s one of the many from the Greatest Generation who have their stories to tell, I think it’s important for those stories to be told before it is too late and their voices are silent.

“My own father was a tail gunner in the Pacific Theater during WWII and unfortunately his early death in 1984 prevented him from eventually opening up about many of his war experiences later on, as others like Sam have done.

“It’s difficult to believe that in 2011 it will be 70 years since the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and America’s entry into the Second World War. That means that fewer and fewer of the generation who fought against tyranny and preserved freedom remain.

“Their lessons and stories about the history in which they participated need to be preserved. Thank you for adding to that roll call with your interview of Sam.”

When grenades go off by accident

Bradley Boswell, a senior at Freedom High School in Bethlehem Township, presents Principal Joseph McIntyre the abstract wood sculpture Bradley made for the school’s sculpture garden. The photo ran in The Morning Call of Allentown on June 4, 1969.

While going through my files on my cousin Nicky who was killed in Vietnam, I came across some clippings I had tucked away years ago. They come from an old file envelope in the archives of The Morning Call and concern a young Marine named Bradley L. Boswell.

I don’t know how I knew about him, but it’s clear why I copied the two newspaper clippings and saved them.

Bradley met a fate similar to Nicky’s.

A corporal from Bethlehem Township, he was 20 years old when he was killed in Vietnam when a grenade accidentally went off during routine training. It happened on Sept. 15, 1970, in Quang Nam province.

Nicky, an Army helicopter pilot, was also 20 when he died under similar circumstances more than a year earlier, at Chu Lai.

I know little about Bradley other than what’s in the two clips. One is headlined “Marine Loses Life in Grenade Accident” and has a photo of him in his dress uniform. He was a 1969 graduate of Freedom High School in Bethlehem Township, he intended to be a career Marine and enlisted in July 1969 – the month Nicky was killed.

The other clip says “Freedom Opens Sculpture Garden” and has a photo of Bradley presenting Freedom’s principal a large abstract wood sculpture for the school’s sculpture garden in early June 1969. It had taken Bradley the entire school year to complete.

Bradley’s sister Betty Jane Schmoyer, who goes by B.J., said there was no open casket to view his remains, so the family never had the opportunity to say goodbye to him, and that was hard to take.

“You still think he’s going to come through that door,” she said.

The  family never got a full explanation from the military about the circumstances of Bradley’s death, B.J. said. That was also the case with the grenade explosion that mortally wounded Nicky and his friend Billy Vachon, and killed another soldier, Tim Williams, on July 10, 1969, at LZ Bayonet.

B.J. said her sister Barbara Boswell tried to find out more and even had contact with guys in Bradley’s unit. But B.J. doesn’t know what came of that, and Barbara, a Navy veteran, died in 2003.

Bradley’s mother died in 1980 and his father died in 2002.

Besides Bradley, Nicky, Billy and Tim, I wonder how many others lost their lives in Vietnam when grenades went off by accident.

It’s WWII and Grandpop wants to be a U.S. citizen

Mary and Nicola Venditta

My grandfather came to America from Italy in the spring of 1903, when he was 20, but almost four decades passed before he got interested in becoming a U.S. citizen.

Apparently the country’s entry into World War II had something to do with it. From his home in Malvern, Pa., Nicola Venditta applied to the Immigration and Naturalization Service on Feb. 9, 1942, two months after the Pearl Harbor attack.

He already had two sons in uniform. Sam was in the Army Coast Artillery, bound for Bora Bora in the Pacific, and Frank was an Army medic in Panama. Two other sons would follow them. Louie would enter the service in a year and serve with the Army Air Forces in England. My dad, Carmine, would join the Coast Guard in 1944.

With only a modest grip on English, Grandpop got help with his application from another son’s wife, a native of Italy. She wrote that he was born in 1883 in Gambatese in central Italy, came by steamship to New York in June 1903, married Mary Cugino of Philadelphia in 1905 in Landisville, N.J., had been employed by the Chester Valley Lime Co. since 1936 and now had 10 children. (There had been a dozen, but two had died.)

Grandpop’s application described him as 5 feet 6 inches tall, 135 pounds, with blue eyes and a scar on his left cheek. “Beats the hell out of me how he got that scar,” my Uncle Frank said when I asked him about his dad in 1998. “One of those stone quarries, I guess.”

Grandmom and Grandpop had left South Jersey for the mountains of central Pennsylvania, where he wielded a pick and shovel in a Bethlehem Steel limestone quarry.  The family’s next move was to Glassboro, N.J., where Grandpop worked in a glass factory. Frank said his pop’s hair was burned off in an accident on the job and never grew back on top, just around the fringes.

The Vendittas returned to Pennsylvania’s Mifflin County, where they lived in Naginey along Laurel Creek and Grandpop again worked in the Bethlehem Steel quarry. Naginey was where my dad was born in 1927. “We lived in a big company house with pig pens and chicken pens,” Frank said. “There were two rows of company houses, separated but all alike, and a bake oven where women used to take their turns baking loaves of bread.”

When Grandpop lost his job in a workforce cutback, the family left Naginey for Camden, N.J. Grandpop would go out Saturday nights to play cards for wine, walking several blocks to a paisano’s house with Frank. The boy would curl up in a chair and nap until 3 or 4 in the morning while the men played Three Sevens. The game usually involved four to six players who formed two teams, and whichever side lost a hand would have to buy a bottle from the host. More card-playing determined the “boss,” who had the authority to award a glass of wine to any one of the players as long as another player, the “underboss,” agreed with his choice.

“The boss would say, ‘Should we give a glass to this guy?’ And the underboss would say, ‘No, he’s not my friend.’ They all ended up drinking all the wine,” Frank said.

It was in Camden that a baby daughter died after catching a cold, Frank said, the first of several tragedies to hit the family.

With the coming of the Great Depression, jobs vanished.

“There was no work, so my oldest brother Jimmy and Pop and Frank Passarelli, who was from the same village as Pop in Italy, and Tony Peccia started walking from Camden out in this direction [toward Malvern]. Someone told them there were quarries out here. They had a burlap bag, a couple loaves of bread, some pepperoni, sausage, cheese and wine, and that’s it. They got as far as Howellville [about 25 miles from Camden]. This car, a big Buick, stopped. A guy got out of the passenger side, Sam Gibbons. He was an enormous man, about 6 foot 5. No arms. He had a nephew driving. Sam said, ‘Where are you guys going?’ ‘We’re looking for work.’ ‘What kind of work you do?’ ‘Quarry work.’ ‘You’re the guys we want. Get in the car.’

“He had just bought a quarry down in Valley Store. Christ, they went down there and they opened that quarry up, and he had both arms blown off in a dynamite blast.”

Grandpop and Jimmy lived in company shacks. In the meantime, they cleaned up an old, abandoned stone house atop a hill at Valley Store. Grandpop brought the family there. The house had no running water or electricity, but he paid $17 to have a power line run to the kitchen. There were two wells, one for drinking water and the other to catch rainwater that Grandmom used for washing clothes. The family took in friends from Camden as paying boarders. Grandpop and his older boys worked in the quarry, shoveling stone, running crushers and planting dynamite.

Tragedy struck again in 1934, when Jimmy was killed in an accident with a drunken driver.

Near the end of the decade, my grandparents moved for the last time. Grandpop had left the quarry to tend the grounds and dig graves at Philadelphia Memorial Park. He took his family several miles away to the house in Malvern, where they spent the rest of their lives. In 1950, he lost another son when Sam died of a non-combat injury from his days on Bora Bora.

Grandpop died in 1971, outliving his wife and a grandson, Nicky, an Army helicopter pilot who was killed in Vietnam two years earlier.

But my grandfather never did become a U.S. citizen.

Uncle Frank thought that some local official might have offered to help Grandpop get his citizenship for a price, and he got angry about it and dropped the matter for good.

 

‘Adolf Hitler is in person appearing’

Luftwaffenhelferinnen, assistants in the Luftwaffe, march in Vesoul, France. This photo belongs to an 89-year-old Lehigh Valley woman who says she was among the marchers.

Over the last year, I’ve been meeting with a Lehigh Valley woman, now 89, who served in the German air force during World War II.

She offered a fascinating glimpse of life in Nazi Germany, and now I’m going to share it with you.

At age 18, she was drafted into the Luftwaffe in March 1942. After training in Stuttgart for the air-protection service, she worked in a Munich bunker. Her job was to take information from lookouts scanning the skies for enemy bombers, and then alert civil defense authorities to set off the sirens that called residents to underground shelters.

Later she served in German-occupied France.

After the war, she fell in love with a GI in the occupation force and followed him to his home in the Lehigh Valley, where they were married.

Here is her story, as she told it to me:

 

The messages came from the soldiers in the mountains. They looked out for the enemy planes, and from the lookout commander we got the Meldungen [messages] over the phone: “Five bombers are approaching 1582.” That would be the code for Munich. “Attention for the siren.”

We had to give real fast the messages to the station where they had a siren. We were in charge that the siren went off so all the people would rush into the bunkers. It was very hard and dangerous work. The English, the Russians, the American bombers came. There was no rest. We were young girls; we should have had fun with boys. We should have had a teenage life, with dances and parties.

Those sirens could wake up the dead. When it was over, we got the message: Enemy planes are leaving. When there was everything clear, then we gave the message that it’s clear and the people came out of the bunkers.

Hermann Goering was my boss. He was obsessed with his planes. The belly he had! He treated us very good. He came to our bunker in the Luftgaukommando [air defense district command headquarters], checking up. The Luftgaukommando was a big building in the middle of the city. The basement was the bunker. It was specially made for protection. There were about six or eight women in there. We were Helferin [Luftwaffe female assistants]. Later I was promoted to Oberhelferin.

One time in Munich, I have to tell you, they really came – the Americans. There must have been 15 or 20 bombers. I just got the message out when we got a full hit. It knocked down at least four stories of our building. Everything was destroyed, but we were not hurt because of the way the bunker was built.

There were soldiers that were put on that spot to watch, and the windows were marked in fluorescent color where we were, so in case we were buried they could find us. Our room was still there and a big barrel of water with blankets, and we threw the blankets over us and the soldiers pulled us out of the windows. This was near the Englischen Garten – it was a park — and it was all fire. We could see the phosphorus bombs.

I think I had a nervous breakdown. I was in a hospital for some time.

My mom’s parents came from northern Italy. My dad came from Niederbayern. We lived in Tegernsee, a resort near Munich. Tegernsee is a big lake. My father was a brewmaster, but when he came back from world war 1914-18 he didn’t work anymore because he was injured. He had a short leg. He got a pretty good pension. We could live not extravagantly but modest.

We had a beautiful childhood, nothing but skiing and mountain climbing and skating. I was good at skiing. I zigzagged down 1,200-meter mountains. We went swimming in the lake and played by the waterfall. We picked berries and gathered wood for the big stove in our kitchen. Our house was a chalet on a hill. We had a radio. We had a dog, a cat and a deer named Hansy for our pets. Hansy slept on the floor by my bed. We had a big family – eight girls and two boys. It was like the Waltons [on TV].

One day we were in school. I was at least 14. The teacher said, “12 o’clock a train will arrive at the station and we’re all going to go up there. Adolf Hitler is in person appearing there.” We were glad to be called out of school. We were looking forward to seeing him. I thought he was a good leader.

We walked to the station, up the hill. We were boys and girls together, I would say about 40. I saw this train and all this commotion. There was the railroad station gate and the building where you buy your tickets, and there were benches to sit down and there was a fence.

Hitler was behind the fence. He had the Gestapo with him, bodyguards. Every one of us got a chance to squeeze through and see him close, from 6 to 8 feet. Our greeting was all together, “Heil Hitler,” with our right arms at eye level. He was talking to us and the teachers. He made a speech about how we should grow up and we should behave ourselves.

That crazy Hitler was a man that anybody would have accepted because he brought work, he had good ideas – the Autobahn – and Germany just grew and grew. So you lift up your arm, “Heil Hitler” – how many times! But then we found out that there was something wrong.

One time the Gestapo came to my house, four of them. They said to my mother, “You are under arrest. You bought from the Jews and you were told not to.” There were three or four of us together, and we were very scared for my mom. I was hanging onto her. She said, “I have 10 kids. I have every one in a Catholic school and I need clothes for them, and the Jewish people are the only ones who give credit.”

She went to Munich and bought clothes from the Jews. It was in a black book where they mark what you owe, and the Gestapo had that book. They knew everything. They were going to put her in a concentration camp for that. So she said, “I’ll go with you all right, but wait till I get my Golden Cross. You can give it back to Hitler. I don’t want it.” She went in her bedroom and got it.

She had the Golden Cross because she had 10 children. Hitler worshiped German mothers. The Buergermeister gave my mom the medal. He was the biggest Nazi in town.

The Gestapo said entschuldigen [excuse us]. They were shocked that they bothered my mother. They took off. They were more scared than we were. Hitler would have had their heads.

In my hometown, the Jews had to wear a yellow star and they were not supposed to be served in a hotel, restaurant or anywhere. My mom thought that was terrible. She said, “Why are they doing that to these poor people?” We were raised to love people. We were not raised like that. My mom loved all people and animals. She had a heart of gold. She passed on that love to every one of us. I’m proud of her for that.

You won’t believe the movies they showed in school! They showed us movies about what the Jews did to young girls. They made it that you actually hated them because of how cruel they were and how they chopped the heads off animals and sacrificed them.

I heard they were rounded up in trucks, they were put in trains, but I never saw them rounded up in my hometown. It was a small village.

The more Hitler got power, the more he tried to destroy and make wars against small countries, the more you started realizing he’s going too far. But you couldn’t say anything. You were never allowed to question his speeches. At the end, we just listened to marching songs — “Deutschland Ueber Alles” [“Germany Over All”] and “Die Fahne Hof” [“The Flag Flies High”] – and raised our arms.

When I graduated from Berufschule, I got drafted. I had to go to Stuttgart with another group of girls. That was our learning place. The instructors were all Luftwaffe officers. We had to know the planes. We had an awful lot of gymnastics. Hitler was nuts with that. We had to always be very healthy.

Finally the instructors said, “You’re ready for plane attacks, you’re ready for the job,” and we were set up at different bunkers. I was sent to work in the Luftgaukommando in Munich, which was the most important headquarters.

When we were finished with our jobs, we had get-togethers and dancing. They had a band, they had waltzes – Johann Strauss. We were in uniform, sometimes we dressed in our civilian clothes. Officers were there. That’s where I met [a bomber pilot] and he asked me to dance. He was handsome, and he was happy and relaxed – different from other pilots. We got engaged.

I think I was in France when he was shot down over London and killed. That was hard in the beginning. I got a letter from his parents. I sent all his pictures back to them.

After Munich, then I wound up in France. First we were stationed in Vesoul, then in Rennes, where we were still in combat with our pilots, and there I saw no bombings. We were there to occupy the country. The French people hated us — can’t blame them. They killed one girl from my hometown who was in the Luftwaffe. She was pushed into the subway in Paris. It was her own fault. She wasn’t supposed to go by herself. She was supposed to have a soldier with her.

First in Rennes they were teaching us Morse code, but that is for the birds. We were going to be transferred to Sweden. Then everything changed. I learned first aid. They took the swastika off and put the red cross on the arm of our uniform and we were helping the nurses. We had to take care of the wounded German and English fliers. You think these English would take a cup of milk or tea from us? No way. They were scared we’d poison them. Those young boys were very nervous, so scared.

When I came back was a fiasco. The officers took off by plane or cars and left us behind. Soldiers took off too. We were released from our duty. We were told the war was over. Now let’s find our way home from France, 1,000 kilometer. We didn’t know what to do. We could not travel by day because they were still shooting, the Spitfires were coming down.

We were tired of sitting in the woods, so one day we took a chance to get into a hay wagon – three, four guys and three, four girls. A French farmer, he had farm stuff in the wagon. I had my duffel bag on my lap.

Wouldn’t you know, over the top of a tree comes this Spitfire and starts shooting. One of the soldiers said, “Achtung, raus von Wagen! Schnell, macht schnell!” [Get off the wagon, hurry!] Somebody gave me a push and I flew into a ditch. One girl got off too late and got hit in the back. She had a white sweater on. Blood was gushing all over. She collapsed and died. They rolled her into a ditch and left her there.

My duffel bag on the wagon was all full of holes. It had perfume from France. I had delicious French rolls in the bag, and they were soaked in perfume.

We went back into the woods. We never did go by day anymore. It took me two weeks, maybe three, to get to Munich, mostly walking. Of course, Munich was a pile of stones. My aunt lived in a big apartment house. It was in pretty bad shape. She gave me what she had to eat and I slept with her for a while, then she helped me find a train that was still running that took me back home.

I find nobody. Through the loudspeakers they’d been saying: “Everybody defend yourselves. Kill or be killed. The Americans have black faces. They have knives and machetes and they chop your head off. They will murder you. Germans will all die.” That was Goebbels making propaganda, Goebbels with his big mouth.

It scared everybody, so my people went into the mountains. I couldn’t find my mom and my sisters – my father died of kidney failure during the war. Finally, I just had an idea where they might be, and I walked in the woods and looked around, and I found them. My mom was there with a big rucksack where she had a stale loaf of bread, for God’s sake. She made a promise to God. There was a Virgin Mary chapel on a big mountain, and she was going to go there on a long walk because she thanked God I made it back. And she did.

We stayed in the woods until it got dark. Then we inched ourselves down. Not a soul in town. There was nothing wrong, and no black Americans were there trying to kill us with knives. My mom burned my uniform. I had a T-shirt with a big swastika on it. She didn’t want anyone to see that.

Days went by and we looked down the hill at the dirt road. One of my sisters hollered, “There’s a funny-looking brown car with soldiers in it.” My mom said to us, “Get up the attic, go hide!” It was a jeep and there were four American guys in there, and they were all white like we were. They were not black at all.

The Americans came into the house. They were gentlemen, but one guy put his big boot on the table. My mom called to us, “You can come down now. It’s OK.”  She said the Nazis were big liars, like they always were. The soldiers gave us candy bars, chocolate, and they were very nice.

Later, truckloads of black and white American soldiers came to my village. There was no truth about black people being any different from the rest of us.

Some soldiers picked me up in a truck at my house and said, “You were in the service. You have to be interrogated because of the concentration camps.” They took me to Bad Aibling. They had me at the prison camp two weeks. I slept on straw.

I was interrogated by Jewish men in uniforms. They were cold and accusing. They went through my whole family, what I did in the war, what my brothers and sisters did. They asked me in German: “Did you go near any of those concentration camps? Did you ever go in them?” I said, “I don’t know what you’re talking about.” That was the God’s-honest truth.

When they found out I was just doing my job, they released me.

Was I glad that stupid war was over!

New clues change theory of Hunley crew’s fate

Did you catch the news over the weekend about the Confederate sub Hunley?

Over the years I’ve been following the mystery of what happened to the H.L. Hunley, which was found in 1995. It’s not as compelling a mystery as, for example, what happened to Amelia Earhart. (I’ve been following those efforts too, with a clip file.) But it’s still fascinating.

There was a made-for-TV movie about the Hunley, the first sub in history to sink an enemy ship. You had to feel sick about what happened to the eight crew members. Historians thought they ran out of air before they could back to shore at Charleston, S.C., and that’s how they died. Slow and agonizing.

Now there are new clues that show the crew might not have suffered so much that day in 1864, according to an Associated Press story.

The Hunley had a 16-foot spar for delivering its torpedo to the Union blockade ship, the Housatonic. Scientists have found remnants of the torpedo’s casing on the spar, indicating the torpedo exploded while still attached. The sub, then, was too close to its target. The concussion from the explosion might have knocked the crew unconscious. It might have caused water to rush in.

Some or all of  the eight men, who were found at their seats when the sub was brought up, might have died without ever coming to.

Scientists expect more answers. They’ll be removing encrustations from the outer hull and doing a computer simulation that might reveal how the explosion affected the Hunley. So this is one nagging mystery that has a fair shot at being solved.

Now if only we could get a break on Amelia.

 

 

 

‘The plane fell thousands of feet’

Bob Reichard with the 15th Air Force in Italy

Bob Reichard of East Penn Township flew 24 missions as a bombardier and one as a navigator on a B-24 in World War II with the rank of first lieutenant. He served in the 15th Air Force, assigned to the 745th Squadron of the 456th Bomb Group and based near Cerignola, Italy. He was the squadron assistant intelligence officer and trained as a B-24 radar (Mickey) operator.

He was the subject of one of my “War Stories: In Their Own Words” installments on Veterans Day 1999.

We’ve stayed in touch and I visited him at his old Carbon County farmhouse in December. Below, I’m posting a story he recently sent me. For photos and more of his personal accounts, culled from a three-decade career with service in the Korean War and the Cold War as well as World War II, go to http://bobreichard.com/.

Here is Bob’s story about a B-24 mission he flew over Europe on Dec. 11, 1944:

By BOB REICHARD

A bomb run over the 500-plus heavy anti-aircraft guns of Vienna in November and December 1944 resulted in a lifetime of excitement for the crew members, and for some it was an eternity.

On 11 December 1944, crew #6459 with a substitute navigator on board ran that gauntlet of fire, smoke, and steel in a B-24 Liberator.

I talked myself into crawling forward, after “bombs away,” to see where the bombs were hitting. That wasn’t necessary, because we had cameras for that. When I was on my belly looking down, a piece of flak entered my forward glass, and that would have gotten me in the head or chest if I hadn’t been lying down. The nose wheel hub, which was pulled into the plane just behind my place, had a hole through the hub.

The upper turret gunner was knocked from his turret when a fragment broke through the horizontal gear ring. That slowed the piece down so it embedded in the rubber earphone ring of his helmet and knocked him from the turret. The piece was still stuck in his helmet and it didn’t draw any blood.

The plane surrendered to the 34 hits it had taken on the bomb run. It fell thousands of feet before the pilots could put out an engine fire and gain control. They couldn’t maintain altitude, so the crew lightened the load by tossing everything possible overboard, including guns and ammunition.

The radio operator was on one of the waist guns and the engineer was on his knees throwing chaff. He asked the radio operator to help him and when he bent down, a blast of flak tore through the place where he had been standing.

When we threw the first long belt of ammo from a tail gun turret, we fed it out foot by foot. A big mistake, because when the last 10 or so feet were being pulled out by gravity and the slip stream, the last 10 feet or so whipped toward the front of the plane and if anyone had been standing there, they would have their body torn open or their head cut off. It was good that one of the cartridges didn’t fire when they hit the deck before going out. The next long belt, from the other tail gun, we rolled into a big bundle and threw it out that way.

With that done we were able to clear the mountains to the south. The navigator set a course for a partisan-held island called Vis, off the coast of Yugoslavia. His course was true and we landed on a crash strip there an hour or so later.

The hydraulic system had been knocked out, so the plane had no brakes. Landing on the 3,500-foot crash strip on Vis Island required brakes. So, we took two parachutes and hooked them to the waist gun mounts. When the plane was down on the strip, the pilot rang the bailout bell and we pulled the rip cords on the parachutes, and they slowed the plane down so we didn’t go off the end of the air strip.

The navigator had done a great job, because he had crapped in his flying suit and couldn’t get rid of that until we were on the ground.